What does the term "discovery" refer to in civil litigation?

The term "discovery" in civil litigation refers to the pre-trial process where parties exchange relevant information and evidence. This phase is crucial as it allows both sides to gather information that is pertinent to their case, promoting transparency and enabling parties to adequately prepare for trial. Discovery can include various methods such as depositions, requests for documents, interrogatories, and admissions. The aim is to avoid surprises during the trial and to facilitate a fair resolution by ensuring that both parties have access to the relevant facts and evidence that will be considered.

In the context of the other choices, the phase where the judge delivers the verdict refers to the trial phase itself and does not involve information exchange. A formal document outlining the evidence may refer to different kinds of documentation, like briefs or affidavits, but does not encapsulate the broader process of discovery. Finally, the final arguments presented in court occur after discovery and are part of the trial proceedings, not the preparatory phase that discovery represents. Therefore, the definition encapsulated in the correct choice accurately reflects the significance and function of discovery in the civil litigation process.